God Shaped The Globe
Isaiah 45:18
"For thus saith the LORD that created the heavens; God himself that formed the earth and made it; he hath established it, he created it not in vain, he formed it to be inhabited: I am the LORD; and there is none else."
The Hebrew word for "formed" is יֹצֵ֨ר yatsar, which describes a potter forming or giving shape to pottery. A flat earth does not fit the description of something being formed and shaped by a potter.
God Formed And Spun The Globe
Psalm 90:2
Psalm 90 was likely written by Moses, the same writer of the creation account in the book of Genesis. In Psalm 90 verse 2 we read:
"Before the mountains were brought forth, or ever thou hadst formed the earth and the world, even from everlasting to everlasting, thou art God." King James Version
"Before mountains were brought forth, you spun and formed the earth and the world, Even from age unto age Thou art God."
The word "formed" in the Hebrew text is H2342 - Chuwl. Chuwl is primarily defined as twist, whirl, or make a circular motion.
Therefore, it appears Psalm 90:2 shows us that God not only created the earth and formed it but he also set the 24-hour spin of the earth in motion. The fixed and immovable flat earth model does not fit the creation account in Genesis or Psalm 90:2.
"Before the mountains were brought forth, or ever thou hadst formed the earth and the world, even from everlasting to everlasting, thou art God." King James Version
"Before mountains were brought forth, you spun and formed the earth and the world, Even from age unto age Thou art God."
The word "formed" in the Hebrew text is H2342 - Chuwl. Chuwl is primarily defined as twist, whirl, or make a circular motion.
Therefore, it appears Psalm 90:2 shows us that God not only created the earth and formed it but he also set the 24-hour spin of the earth in motion. The fixed and immovable flat earth model does not fit the creation account in Genesis or Psalm 90:2.
The Bible Says The Earth Is Curved and Rotates
Isaiah 40:22
"It is he that sitteth upon the circle of the earth, and the inhabitants thereof are as grasshoppers; that stretcheth out the heavens as a curtain, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in" King James Version
What is the circle of the earth in Hebrew?
The Hebrew word for CIRCLE is CHUG, tied to CHAGAG , which means to rotate, move in a circle, to dance, and reel. Isaiah 40:22 shows a curved, circular earth that moves and rotates. This is the perfect word to describe the spherical earth [H2329, H2287]
Chug is a sphere in the following:
"The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon" (1855) by Benjamin Davidson (Messianic Jewish scholar).
"An English and Hebrew Lexicon Composed After Johnson's Dictonary" (1832) by Selig Newman (Renown Jewish Scholar).
"Hebrew and Chaldee lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures" by Wilhelm Gesenius (Translated in English by Samuel Prideaux Tregelles, 1857)
The Septuagint confirms it.
The Septuagint [the Greek translation of an earlier Hebrew text], uses the Greek word GYROS for the word CIRCLE/CHUG in Isaiah 40:22. Gyros means rotate, circle, curve, and spin. This again perfectly describes the spherical earth.
"He sits above the spin/rotation/circle of the earth ..." Hebrew text definition
See what others say CHUG means [1], [2]
"He is the one that comprehends/controls the GYROS of the earth..." Greek Septuagint definition
See what others say GYROS means [3], [4], [5], [6],
The Hebrew word for CIRCLE is CHUG, tied to CHAGAG , which means to rotate, move in a circle, to dance, and reel. Isaiah 40:22 shows a curved, circular earth that moves and rotates. This is the perfect word to describe the spherical earth [H2329, H2287]
Chug is a sphere in the following:
"The Analytical Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon" (1855) by Benjamin Davidson (Messianic Jewish scholar).
"An English and Hebrew Lexicon Composed After Johnson's Dictonary" (1832) by Selig Newman (Renown Jewish Scholar).
"Hebrew and Chaldee lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures" by Wilhelm Gesenius (Translated in English by Samuel Prideaux Tregelles, 1857)
The Septuagint confirms it.
The Septuagint [the Greek translation of an earlier Hebrew text], uses the Greek word GYROS for the word CIRCLE/CHUG in Isaiah 40:22. Gyros means rotate, circle, curve, and spin. This again perfectly describes the spherical earth.
"He sits above the spin/rotation/circle of the earth ..." Hebrew text definition
See what others say CHUG means [1], [2]
"He is the one that comprehends/controls the GYROS of the earth..." Greek Septuagint definition
See what others say GYROS means [3], [4], [5], [6],
Globe Earth Fits Isaiah 40:22
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The Flat-Earth Model Does Not Fit Isaiah 40:22
The entire flat-earth model is a square and not a circle. Isaiah 40:22 does not say he sits upon the square of the earth. He also cannot sit on the dome because according to flat-earthers that is their space/heaven and it's not the earth. The Bible says "Circle of The Earth" not circle of space or circle of the dome.
Most of all, the Hebrew text and Greek Septuagint text both confirm rotation. The square flat earth is supposedly fixed and immovable and does not move. Therefore, the flat earth does not fit the Isa. 40:22 description. |
Curvature
Job 26:10
"By order he made the CURVATURE upon the face of the water till the completion of light with darkness." ABP
"He hath traced a fixed circle over the waters, unto the confines of light and darkness." - Darby
The red letters words are the Hebrew word "Chug" in the Hebrew text and "eGYROSen" in the Greek text, which is similar to Isaiah 40:22. You cannot have curvature on the face of the waters on a flat earth. Therefore, this verse shows the earth is a curved planet.
Curvature
Proverbs 8:27-29
"In His preparing the heavens I am there, In His decreeing a circle on the face of the deep, In His strengthening clouds above, In His making strong fountains of the deep,In His setting for the sea its limit, And the waters transgress not His command..." Young's Literal Translation
CurvatureHebrew Word"CHUG" |
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Circle / Curve on the Face of the deep
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The Latin Vulgate uses the word GYRO. "quando praeparabat caelos aderam quando certa lege et GYRO vallabat abyssos" - Curved rotating earth.
Ships Disappearing Over The Horizon Because Of Curvature
Psalm 107:23
"They that go down to the sea in ships, that do business in great waters." King James Version
The expression "Go down to the sea in ships" means men are seen disappearing over the horizon in their ship as it appears to go down into the sea or what the ancients called "the abyss." This is not talking about going down to the shore or dock because when high waves lift the ship, verse 26 says: "they go down again to the depths (abyss)." Also, the mariners in this account (Psalm 107) are not shipwreck or lost in the depths of the sea. According to verse 30, the mariners successfully make it to their destination. "So he bringeth them unto their desired haven". This verse shows that ancient writers saw the earth as curved. They saw ships appear to be cut off or disappear as the ships got further into the curvature of the ocean (abyss). This is exactly what we see today when ships go over the horizon and down the curvature of the earth.
Flat-earthers try to debunk the fact that ships are seen going over the curvature by using an optical device to focus back on the ship again. This proves nothing, other than the limitation of our eyes to see beyond a certain distance as the earth gradually curves down. All flat-earthers need do, is continue to view the ship with their telescope or other optical instrument and the object will again disappear as the ship continues its descent down the curvature of the earth.
Flat-earthers try to debunk the fact that ships are seen going over the curvature by using an optical device to focus back on the ship again. This proves nothing, other than the limitation of our eyes to see beyond a certain distance as the earth gradually curves down. All flat-earthers need do, is continue to view the ship with their telescope or other optical instrument and the object will again disappear as the ship continues its descent down the curvature of the earth.
"Voyages were looked on as descending to an abyss, "going down to the sea in ships..." - The Treasury of David, by Charles Spurgeon (1869-85)
Greek unireme. About 500 b.c.
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Greek merchant-ship. About 500 b.c.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diolkos#/media/File:Boat_Cdm_Paris_322_n1.jpg
The Whole Earth Is A Planet
Genesis 1:1-2, 2 Peter 3:5-7, Colossians 1:20
Flat Earth founder, Samuel Birley Rowbotham said: "Instead of the word "earth" meaning both land and water, only the dry land is called earth, and the seas the gathering or collection of the waters in vast bodies. Earth and seas--earth and the great body of waters are described as two distinct and independent regions, and not as together forming one great globe which modern astronomers call 'the earth'." -Zetetic Astronomy, Chapter XV, page 364., 1880. (Underlined emphasis ours)
Mr. Rowbotham is correct in saying that God called the dry land earth (Genesis 1:10), but Rowbotham is also very wrong when he says the earth is not described as one great globe or planet, which altogether is called "earth." The Bible does call the whole planet (land and sea) "Earth."
Before the dry land appeared and the planet was only filled with water God called the globe "earth." "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters." Genesis 1:1-2 KJV (One Planet)
After creation, we see the Apostle Peter referred to the earth as a whole (one planet). "For this they willingly are ignorant of, that by the word of God the heavens were of old, and the earth standing out of the water and in the water: Whereby the world that then was, being overflowed with water, perished: But the heavens and the earth, which are now, by the same word are kept in store, reserved unto fire against the day of judgment and perdition of ungodly men." 2 Peter 3:5-7 KJV
"And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself; by him, I say, whether they be things in earth, or things in heaven." Colossians 1:20 KJV (The Earth is considered one planet [oceans and waters]).
FACTS ABOUT THE WORD "EARTH"
In the Bible the word "Earth" can mean the entire planet earth as we see by the scriptures listed above, or it can mean the dry land (Genesis 1:10) or the word "earth" can mean the population on the earth: "And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech." Genesis 11:1 KJV. Rowbotham was ignorant of this fact or he purposely withheld this information from his readers. The term "Planet Earth" is biblical and represents all aspects of the planet -- Land, water, etc. Flat-earthers do not consider the earth a planet, which makes them oppossed to the Bible.
Mr. Rowbotham is correct in saying that God called the dry land earth (Genesis 1:10), but Rowbotham is also very wrong when he says the earth is not described as one great globe or planet, which altogether is called "earth." The Bible does call the whole planet (land and sea) "Earth."
Before the dry land appeared and the planet was only filled with water God called the globe "earth." "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters." Genesis 1:1-2 KJV (One Planet)
After creation, we see the Apostle Peter referred to the earth as a whole (one planet). "For this they willingly are ignorant of, that by the word of God the heavens were of old, and the earth standing out of the water and in the water: Whereby the world that then was, being overflowed with water, perished: But the heavens and the earth, which are now, by the same word are kept in store, reserved unto fire against the day of judgment and perdition of ungodly men." 2 Peter 3:5-7 KJV
"And, having made peace through the blood of his cross, by him to reconcile all things unto himself; by him, I say, whether they be things in earth, or things in heaven." Colossians 1:20 KJV (The Earth is considered one planet [oceans and waters]).
FACTS ABOUT THE WORD "EARTH"
In the Bible the word "Earth" can mean the entire planet earth as we see by the scriptures listed above, or it can mean the dry land (Genesis 1:10) or the word "earth" can mean the population on the earth: "And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech." Genesis 11:1 KJV. Rowbotham was ignorant of this fact or he purposely withheld this information from his readers. The term "Planet Earth" is biblical and represents all aspects of the planet -- Land, water, etc. Flat-earthers do not consider the earth a planet, which makes them oppossed to the Bible.
Founder of The Flat Earth Movement Proves
The Earth Is A Globe.
Jonah 2:5-6, Exodus 14:29, Psalm 106:9, 2 Samuel 22:16
"This is in strict accordance with the other expressions of Scripture that the earth was stretched out above the waters, and founded upon the seas--where nothing had before existed. If the earth is a globe, it is evident that everywhere the water of its surface--the seas, lakes, oceans, and rivers--must be sustained or upheld by the land, which must be underneath the water; but being a plane "founded upon the seas," and the land and waters distinct and independent of each other, then the waters of the "great deep" must sustain the land as it does a ship, an ice-island, or any other flowing mass, and there must, of necessity, be waters below the earth. In this particular, as in all others, the Scriptures are beautifully sequential and consistent." - Samuel Birley Rowbotham, Zetetic Astronomy, Chapter XV, page 365. 1881.
According to this famed flat-earther, the dry land of the earth floats on the water like a ship floats on the water. Now we know he's wrong, but in his statement, Rowbotham gave us a challenge or test to determine if the globe is real.
Rowbotham said: "If the earth is a globe, it is evident that everywhere the water of its surface--the seas, lakes, oceans, and rivers--must be sustained or upheld by the land, which must be underneath the water.."
Okay, so Rowbotham is saying if there is land under the waters holding up or containing the waters then there would be evidence that the earth is a globe. Is there evidence by both the Bible and reality that proves there is land under the seas? Yes!
The Bible describes mountains below the sea.
"The waters compassed me about, even to the soul: the depth closed me round about, the weeds were wrapped about my head. I went down to the bottoms of the mountains; the earth with her bars was about me for ever: yet hast thou brought up my life from corruption, O LORD my God." Jonah 2:5-6 KJV
Israel walked on dry land when God separated the waters and revealed the bottom of the ocean.
"But the people of Israel had walked through the middle of the sea on dry ground, as the water stood up like a wall on both sides." Exodus 14:29 KJV
"He rebuked the Red sea also, and it was dried up: so he led them through the depths, as through the wilderness." Psalm 106:9 KJV
"And the channels of the sea appeared, The foundations of the world were laid bare By the rebuke of the LORD, At the blast of the breath of His nostrils." 2 Samuel 22:16 Jewish Tanakh 1917
The Bible clearly shows that there is land under the waters, which upholds and contains the seas.
Science has also mapped the ocean floors, and land is known to exist under the depths of the sea. According to Rowbotham, one of the founders of the flat earth movement, this land under the waters would be evidence the earth is a globe.
Science Confirms Land Under The Oceans
According to this famed flat-earther, the dry land of the earth floats on the water like a ship floats on the water. Now we know he's wrong, but in his statement, Rowbotham gave us a challenge or test to determine if the globe is real.
Rowbotham said: "If the earth is a globe, it is evident that everywhere the water of its surface--the seas, lakes, oceans, and rivers--must be sustained or upheld by the land, which must be underneath the water.."
Okay, so Rowbotham is saying if there is land under the waters holding up or containing the waters then there would be evidence that the earth is a globe. Is there evidence by both the Bible and reality that proves there is land under the seas? Yes!
The Bible describes mountains below the sea.
"The waters compassed me about, even to the soul: the depth closed me round about, the weeds were wrapped about my head. I went down to the bottoms of the mountains; the earth with her bars was about me for ever: yet hast thou brought up my life from corruption, O LORD my God." Jonah 2:5-6 KJV
Israel walked on dry land when God separated the waters and revealed the bottom of the ocean.
"But the people of Israel had walked through the middle of the sea on dry ground, as the water stood up like a wall on both sides." Exodus 14:29 KJV
"He rebuked the Red sea also, and it was dried up: so he led them through the depths, as through the wilderness." Psalm 106:9 KJV
"And the channels of the sea appeared, The foundations of the world were laid bare By the rebuke of the LORD, At the blast of the breath of His nostrils." 2 Samuel 22:16 Jewish Tanakh 1917
The Bible clearly shows that there is land under the waters, which upholds and contains the seas.
Science has also mapped the ocean floors, and land is known to exist under the depths of the sea. According to Rowbotham, one of the founders of the flat earth movement, this land under the waters would be evidence the earth is a globe.
Science Confirms Land Under The Oceans
The 24-Hour Rotation of The Earth
AMOS 5:8
"It is the LORD who created the stars, the Pleiades and Orion. He turns darkness into morning and day into night..." Amos 5:8 NLT
The word "Turns" can mean change, but it more often is used when something is turned as in spinning. For example, Strong's H2015 (haphak) is a root word used in scriptures like Genesis 3:24, which says: "So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life." KJV.
Therefore, Amos 5:8 can be interpreted to show that darkness is turned into the morning, by taking the earth that was in darkness and move it (turn it) into the morning sunrise.
John Gill said, "and turneth the shadow of death into the morning, and maketh the day dark with night: maketh the constant revolution of day and night, and the days longer in the summer, and shorter in winter, as Kimchi interprets it.." John Gill Exposition of the Entire Bible, Amos 5:8. (underline emphasis added).
We can see the earth's daily rotation in Amos 5:8.
The word "Turns" can mean change, but it more often is used when something is turned as in spinning. For example, Strong's H2015 (haphak) is a root word used in scriptures like Genesis 3:24, which says: "So he drove out the man; and he placed at the east of the garden of Eden Cherubims, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to keep the way of the tree of life." KJV.
Therefore, Amos 5:8 can be interpreted to show that darkness is turned into the morning, by taking the earth that was in darkness and move it (turn it) into the morning sunrise.
John Gill said, "and turneth the shadow of death into the morning, and maketh the day dark with night: maketh the constant revolution of day and night, and the days longer in the summer, and shorter in winter, as Kimchi interprets it.." John Gill Exposition of the Entire Bible, Amos 5:8. (underline emphasis added).
We can see the earth's daily rotation in Amos 5:8.
The Southern Hemisphere With Different Stars
Job 9:9
"Which maketh Arcturus, Orion, and Pleiades, and the chambers of the south." KJV
"Who maketh the Bear, Orion, and the Pleiades, And the chambers of the south." 1917 Jewish Tanakh
"He made [the constellations] Ursa Major, Orion, and the Pleiades, and the clusters of stars in the south." God's Word Translation
"He made all the stars--the Bear and Orion, the Pleiades and the constellations of the southern sky." NLT
A southern hemisphere proves the earth is a globe. Therefore, flat-earthers completely deny the night sky in the southern hemisphere is different from the northern hemisphere, and make absurd excuses to debunk the different stars and constellations in the sky below the equator.
The context of Job 9:9 is all about constellations, so it makes sense to interpret the "chambers of the south" to mean the constellations of the southern hemisphere. Information about the stars of the southern hemisphere would have been known by the Egyptian's who traded with and launched expeditions into the regions of southern Africa, at or below the equator.[7] We know that Abraham dwelt in Egypt for a period of time (Genesis 12:10) and also had an Egyptian servant (Hagar - Genesis 16:1), so he was probably exposed to Egyptian travel accounts and astronomy. Abraham also came from the Mesopotamia region which had advanced astronomical knowledge. Therefore, it's expected that the early Hebrew people would have knowledge of the southern hemisphere being different from the sky they usually see every night. The southern sky (chambers of the South) would be perceived as mysterious or a secret hidden from all living under the northern evening sky.
Listen to what scholars say:
"And the chambers of the south: the stars in the southern hemisphere, about the Antarctic, or southern pole; and called "chambers", as Aben Ezra observes, because hidden, and are not seen by those in the other hemisphere, as if they were in a chamber: now the making of these is rightly ascribed to God, who made all the stars, Genesis 1:16; though this may rather regard the continuance of them in their being, who calls them by name, brings out their host by number, directs their course, keeps them in their orbs, and preserves their influence." - John Gill's Exposition of the Old Testament. (Emphasis added)
"chambers of the south — the unseen regions of the southern hemisphere, with its own set of stars, as distinguished from those just mentioned of the northern. The true structure of the earth is here implied." - Jamieson, Robert, D.D.; Fausset, A. R.; Brown, David. Commentary on Job 9:9. Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible. (Emphasis added)
"Ordereth — Disposeth them, governeth their rising and setting, and all their influences. These he names as constellations of greatest eminency; but under them he seems to comprehend all the stars, which as they were created by God, so are under his government. Arcturus is a northern constellation, near that called the Bear. Orion is a more southerly constellation, that rises to us in December. The Pleiades is a constellation not far from Orion, which we call the seven stars: by the chambers, (or inmost chambers, as the word signifies) of the south, he seems to understand those stars and constellations which are toward the southern pole, which are called inward chambers, because they are for the most part hid and shut up from these parts of the world." - John Wesley, Commentary on Job 9:9. John Wesley's Explanatory Notes on the Whole Bible.
It's clear, the Bible confirms a northern and southern hemisphere, which also means the Bible confirms planet earth is a globe.
"Who maketh the Bear, Orion, and the Pleiades, And the chambers of the south." 1917 Jewish Tanakh
"He made [the constellations] Ursa Major, Orion, and the Pleiades, and the clusters of stars in the south." God's Word Translation
"He made all the stars--the Bear and Orion, the Pleiades and the constellations of the southern sky." NLT
A southern hemisphere proves the earth is a globe. Therefore, flat-earthers completely deny the night sky in the southern hemisphere is different from the northern hemisphere, and make absurd excuses to debunk the different stars and constellations in the sky below the equator.
The context of Job 9:9 is all about constellations, so it makes sense to interpret the "chambers of the south" to mean the constellations of the southern hemisphere. Information about the stars of the southern hemisphere would have been known by the Egyptian's who traded with and launched expeditions into the regions of southern Africa, at or below the equator.[7] We know that Abraham dwelt in Egypt for a period of time (Genesis 12:10) and also had an Egyptian servant (Hagar - Genesis 16:1), so he was probably exposed to Egyptian travel accounts and astronomy. Abraham also came from the Mesopotamia region which had advanced astronomical knowledge. Therefore, it's expected that the early Hebrew people would have knowledge of the southern hemisphere being different from the sky they usually see every night. The southern sky (chambers of the South) would be perceived as mysterious or a secret hidden from all living under the northern evening sky.
Listen to what scholars say:
"And the chambers of the south: the stars in the southern hemisphere, about the Antarctic, or southern pole; and called "chambers", as Aben Ezra observes, because hidden, and are not seen by those in the other hemisphere, as if they were in a chamber: now the making of these is rightly ascribed to God, who made all the stars, Genesis 1:16; though this may rather regard the continuance of them in their being, who calls them by name, brings out their host by number, directs their course, keeps them in their orbs, and preserves their influence." - John Gill's Exposition of the Old Testament. (Emphasis added)
"chambers of the south — the unseen regions of the southern hemisphere, with its own set of stars, as distinguished from those just mentioned of the northern. The true structure of the earth is here implied." - Jamieson, Robert, D.D.; Fausset, A. R.; Brown, David. Commentary on Job 9:9. Commentary Critical and Explanatory on the Whole Bible. (Emphasis added)
"Ordereth — Disposeth them, governeth their rising and setting, and all their influences. These he names as constellations of greatest eminency; but under them he seems to comprehend all the stars, which as they were created by God, so are under his government. Arcturus is a northern constellation, near that called the Bear. Orion is a more southerly constellation, that rises to us in December. The Pleiades is a constellation not far from Orion, which we call the seven stars: by the chambers, (or inmost chambers, as the word signifies) of the south, he seems to understand those stars and constellations which are toward the southern pole, which are called inward chambers, because they are for the most part hid and shut up from these parts of the world." - John Wesley, Commentary on Job 9:9. John Wesley's Explanatory Notes on the Whole Bible.
It's clear, the Bible confirms a northern and southern hemisphere, which also means the Bible confirms planet earth is a globe.
The Earth Hangs In Space
Job 26:7
"He stretcheth out the north over the empty place, and hangeth the earth upon nothing." KJV
"God stretches the northern sky over empty space and hangs the earth on nothing." NLT
This verse shows that planet earth floats in space. The verse says the earth is hanging but it's not attached to anything and since the earth "hangeth" it means the planet is not sitting on anything or supported by anything under it either. The globe is suspended in space and held in its orbit by the command of God and by the laws God created to regulate the earth.
"Do you know the laws of the universe? Can you use them to regulate the earth?" Job 38:33 NLT
"He existed before anything else, and he holds all creation together." Colossians 1:17 NLT
The earth is a globe that hangs/floats in space. How do we know? Becuase that is what the Bible tell's us.
"God stretches the northern sky over empty space and hangs the earth on nothing." NLT
This verse shows that planet earth floats in space. The verse says the earth is hanging but it's not attached to anything and since the earth "hangeth" it means the planet is not sitting on anything or supported by anything under it either. The globe is suspended in space and held in its orbit by the command of God and by the laws God created to regulate the earth.
"Do you know the laws of the universe? Can you use them to regulate the earth?" Job 38:33 NLT
"He existed before anything else, and he holds all creation together." Colossians 1:17 NLT
The earth is a globe that hangs/floats in space. How do we know? Becuase that is what the Bible tell's us.
Septuagint - ABP - Used by permission of publisher apostolicbible.com/
ESV - Scripture quotations marked (ESV) are from The ESV® Bible (The Holy Bible, English Standard Version®), copyright © 2001 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by permission. All rights reserved.”
NLT - Scripture quotations marked (NLT) are taken from the Holy Bible, New Living Translation, copyright ©1996, 2004, 2015 by Tyndale House Foundation. Used by permission of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Carol Stream, Illinois 60188. All rights reserved.
God's Word Translation - GOD'S WORD is a copyrighted work of God's Word to the Nations. Quotations are used by permission.
[1] http://www.oocities.org/hebrew_roots/html/hr-1-4-04.html
[2] http://www.balashon.com/2006/10/chag.html
[3] https://www.dianekochilas.com/gyro-ancient-street-food-history/
[4] http://www.memidex.com/gyro+rotating-mechanism
[5] https://www.etymonline.com/word/gyre?ref=etymonline_crossreference
[6] https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gyro#Etymology_2
[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Punt
